Business Environment of Sri Lanka Telecom Plc free essay sample

If not for all of them my assignment wouldn’t have been a success. Kevin De Silva Executive Summary This assignment gives an exhaustive analysis focusing mainly on the business environment on one of the most leading companies in the communication industry of Sri Lanka. It is also the national telecommunication service provider of the country, Sri Lanka Telecom PLC. Task one gives an in-depth analysis of what the organization is, on what corner stone’s it is built on, what it is now, and its purpose of existence, based on their norms, beliefs and traditions. Such as their vision, mission, aims, goals, market share and market growth. It also shows the relationship between the organization and its stakeholders, considering the expectations of the stakeholders, and the responsibility the organization has towards them. Task two (part one), explains the market types that are available in the industry, and in which market type SLT operates in. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Environment of Sri Lanka Telecom Plc or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It also shows the demand in the total industry versus the supply of SLT showing how much of the market is being served and satisfied by them. The reasons for their success in being the number one service provider is identified through their level of innovation, technology and research and development, and is also shown how it is linked in operating in the global arena and the global impact of the organization, the markets they are targeting and how they are planning to enter those emerging markets. At the end of these two tasks we will have a very good understanding on the business environment of Sri Lanka Telecom PLC. Task two (part two), with related to the previous tasks have a more generalized approach. It speaks about two main instruments in the economy the monetary and fiscal policy. This is then related to Sri Lanka and United Kingdom by showing the similarities and differences in the execution of these policies. It then shows the effects of these economic policies on the communication industry, by showing how it affects the sales and production. The tax trend of the organization and reasons for the trend are also shown. All these information will be presented briefly and clearly in a single page poster. Task two (part three), is a presentation on the key economic factors of Mexico. The slides of the presentation are attached. California Management Review. 1983. Stockholders and Stakeholders: A new perspective on Corporate Governance. ) Diagram 3 – Categorization of Stakeholders â€Å"We have thus enhanced value with each of our stakeholder segments – shareholders, customers, employees, investors, suppliers, regulatory and other related state authorities, the media, the community and in the larger context, the State. † (Sri Lanka Telecom. 2011. Sustainability Report: 2010. Sri Lanka: Sri Lanka Telecom. ) 3. 2 Employees Employees are those who keep the organization in operation, while expecting salaries and wages in return, along with job security and job satisfaction. They have the power to influence the quality of the service of the organization. SLT has a labour force of 6,297 as of June 2011. (TRCSL. 13/10/2011. Telecommunication Regulatory Commission of Sri Lanka: Statistics 2011 June. [Online]. Available: http://www. trc. gov. lk/information/statistics. html. [27/12/2011]. ) 3. 3 Shareholders Shareholders are those who invest in the organization expecting higher dividends. They have the power to elect the directors of the organization. Shareholders of SLT are as follows, * Government of Sri Lanka which holds 52% * Global Telecommunication Holdings N. V. of Netherlands 44. 98% * Public 3. 02% 3. 4 Customers Customers are the key stakeholders of any organization, if not for customers the organization wouldn’t exist. They expect value for money and good services, and they have the power to influence the revenue of the business. SLT’s customer base is over 5. 5million. â€Å"The SLT Group has a customer base of over five and a half million including multinational corporations, large and small corporate, retail and domestic customers† (Sri Lanka Telecom. 2011. Management Report: 2010. Sri Lanka: Sri Lanka Telecom. ) 3. 5 Suppliers Suppliers are those who supply all the raw materials for an organization to function. In the case of SLT it could be electronic equipment and accessories that aid the telecommunication industry. The suppliers influence the quality, price and availability of the products, and they expect prompt payments and long term contracts. Some of the suppliers for SLT are ZTE Corporation China and other suppliers from Thailand. â€Å"†¦. while related team members visited the equipment supplier in Thailand for more in depth skill development† (Sri Lanka Telecom. 2011. Management Report: 2010. Sri Lanka: Sri Lanka Telecom. ) 3. 6 Government Diversify our portfolio of products and services and diversify our business through new innovative business models, sustainable partnerships. (Sri Lanka Telecom. 2011. Management Report: 2010. Sri Lanka: Sri Lanka Telecom. ) 4. 5 Market Share Fixed and Mobile Broadband – Total Market Share Diagram 4 – Total Market Share (Fixed and Mobile Broadband) Fixed Line – Total Market Share Diagram 5 – Total Market Share (Fixed Line) (Sri Lanka Telecom. 2011. Annual Report: 2010,2009,2008,2007,2006. Sri Lanka: Sri Lanka Telecom. ) 4. 6 Growth of Market Share

Advantages and disadvantages of the BBC Essays

Advantages and disadvantages of the BBC Essays Advantages and disadvantages of the BBC Essay Advantages and disadvantages of the BBC Essay With the growth of mass communication, travel and relocation, we now live in what has been called a global village. This new globalization and the cultural diversity it has created within nation states can also be seen as a threat to order as well as the above mentioned traditional family values, codes of good taste and decency. These perceived threats in turn lead to calls by both ordinary citizens and their governments for re-regulation. There is a built in conflict between change and order and it has become increasingly difficult for governments to get the balance right on regulation in the case of broadcast television as well as the media at large. BBC has to choose whether to stay home or move out to the global arena and compete globally. And this is the last dilemma they actually face. Now, the advantages of BBC for being a global player is: More growth under BBC brand reputation sustains: The BBC has been a global broadcaster through the world service since the early days of it development. International radio broadcasts began in 1932; by the end of the 20th century, the world service was broadcasting in over 40 languages to estimated audience of 151 million people around the world. BBC brand is one of the worlds most powerful brands, respected and trusted for its quality and integrity. The funding regulation role encourages the organization to compete for attracting more worldwide audiences. Which allow the BBC Worldwide to submit to utilize the brand in order to gain max. profits ,so the BBC success as a international broadcaster to exploit its programmes on the world market through developing and humanizing to gain the respect for both quality of its programmes and its independent, realistic reporting which become with the BBC responsibilities and that what make the BBC reputation grow worldwide. Attempt to enhance profits: the British governments have encouraged the development of the BBCs commercial activities to attempt to enhance the income. Under the direction of John Birts the expansion programme took off with new channels (e.g. BBC choice, BBC knowledge..) and alliances (e.g. the agreement with Discovery) that encouraged the corporations expansion into new markets, while serious investment in new technologies particularly digital and online- diminished the available funds for existing analogue service. Through the efforts of the commercial arm of the BBC- BBC Worldwide- they will have a remit to exploit the brand in order to gain maximum returns on the BBCs assets-its programmes- to generate revenues that are reinvested in public service programming. The disadvantages is: Uncertainty of success: to be a global player, BBC should consider some aspect in the international arena that the BBC did not do it before get into that filed which make me a faired that BBC has abilities to move from the local site to the global landscape productively. The BBC it self may not be able to have all the raw materials to use them in order to success in a highly competitive environment. It seems that the organization moved globally without an obvious strategy. They depended on their national successful to jump globally. Nevertheless, if they cannot manage to reach their target they could even loosen the national reputation especially after the ignorance of most of the minority interests of the U.K citizens. Therefore, they have to do the best they can to success or they will face a real problem. Loosing its nationwide identity: IN the way to inter the global landscape surly BBC will lose the concentration on the local arena it will lose some part of its pre-loyal audiences because of the global plan, it will focus on the global broadcaster. In the digital world of multimedia choice, the pressure on the BBC is greater than before to produce diverse programmes that assurance something for everyone even with low quality because the quantity is more important than the quality in commercial point of view. Most of those programmes are being produced for the global audience and being far away from the British tastes. People start to look at the BBC as a commercial company not public service broadcaster.  (word count: 1786) Q2: Based on the economic, organizational, socio-political and cultural features surrounding the BBC, which are outlined in the Case study, what is your advice to the top- level management of the BBC on the process of decision making which they should adopt in order to avoid making flawed decisions with respect to their response to the three strategic dilemmas?  No body denied that BBC has huge contribution on the British social life and culture both at national and international. Most of British citizens who want to see that contribution maintained into the multi-channel future. Which make the pressure on the BBC to change and adjust itself to the speedily changing demands of that future. The nation needs a BBC that delivers high standard, innovative broadcasting that nurtures British talent, which present the nation to itself, and that respects the contributions made by the other players in the media world. To fallow that changes needs right decision to avoid flawed decision to the organization has, decision-making is an important part of all managerial functions performed .BBC has to use the knowledge concentrated process that demands good management of information to produce a preferred process outcome. In taking decision-making I advice the top-manager in BBC to take in consideration the actual process of organizational decision making, which will not only avoid making flawed decisions with respect to their response to the three strategic dilemmas, also enhance the image of the BBC in the whole world the process of organizational decision making has the following: Organizational goals: which mean that the top manager in organization should consider how goals occur in an organization and how goals will change over time, and how they should act and respond to these changes of goals? In BBC the union members include managers, employees, stockholders, suppliers, clients, , tax collectors has one vision, that top manager have to take in consideration that the goals must deal effectively with the probable for internal goal conflicts existed in a coalition of diverse individuals and groups. Since the existence of unresolved conflicts among organizational stakeholders, which will reflect on the feature of the organizations, it is difficult to construct a useful descriptively exact suggestions of the organizational decision making process if they insist on internal goal consistency. My advice to the BBC top-manager is to adopt The Rational Model which consider decision unit behavior is reputed to be rational. Moreover, it assumes goal congruence and clarity which implies that all members of the decision making unit share a common goal and will collaborate to achieve this goal and that the goal is clearly defined and well understood by all members of the decision-making unit. The decision making process consists of problem recognition, formulation of alternative courses of action and selection of an alternative that accomplishes the predefined goal.

The American Leisure Class Essay Example

The American Leisure Class Essay Example The American Leisure Class Essay The American Leisure Class Essay Thorstein Veblen During the earlier stages of economic development, consumption of goods without stint, especially consumption of the better grades of goods – ideally all consumption in excess of the subsistence minimum – pertains normally to the leisure class. This restriction tends to disappear, at least formally, after the later peaceable stage has been reached with private ownership of goods and an industrial system based on wage labour or on the petty household economy. The quasi-peaceable gentleman of leisure †¦ consumes freely and of the best, in food, drink, narcotics, shelter, services, ornaments, apparel, weapons and accoutrements, amusements, amulets, and idols or divinities. This growth of punctilious discrimination as to qualitative excellence in eating, drinking, etc. , presently affects not only the manner of life, but also the training and intellectual activity of the gentleman of leisure. He is no longer simply the successful, aggressive male – the man of strength, resource, and intrepidity. In order to avoid stultification he must also cultivate his tastes, for it now becomes incumbent on him to discriminate with some nicety between the noble and the ignoble in consumable goods. He becomes a connoisseur in creditable viands of various degrees of merit, in manly beverages and trinkets, in seemly apparel and architecture, in weapons, games, dances and the narcotics. This cultivation of the aesthetic faculty requires time and application, and the demands made upon the gentleman in this direction therefore tend to change his life of leisure into a more or less arduous application to the business of learning how to live a life of ostensible leisure in a becoming way. Closely related to the requirement that the gentleman must consume freely and of the right kind of goods, there is the requirement that he must know how to consume them in a seemly manner. His life of leisure must be conducted in due form. Hence arise good manners. High-bred manners and ways of living are items of conformity to the norm of conspicuous leisure and conspicuous consumption. This blending and confusion of the elements of expensiveness and of beauty is, perhaps, best exemplified in articles of dress and of household furniture. The code of reputability in matters of dress decides what shapes, colours, materials and general effects in human apparel are for the time to be acce pted as suitable: and departures from the code are offensive to our taste, supposedly as being departures from aesthetic truth. The approval with which we look upon fashionable attire is by no means to be accounted pure make-believe. We readily, and for the most part with utter sincerity, find those things pleasing that are in vogue. Shaggy dress-stuffs and pronounced colour effects, for instance, offend us at times when the vogue is goods of a high, glossy finish and neutral colours. A fancy bonnet of this year’s model unquestionably appeals to our sensibilities today much more forcibly than an equally fancy bonnet of the model of least year: although when viewed in the perspective of a quarter of a century, it would, I apprehend, be a matter of the utmost difficulty to award the palm for intrinsic beauty to the one rather that to the other of these structures. †¦. It has in the course of economic development become the office of the woman to consume vicariously for the head of the household; and her apparel is contrived with this object in view. It has come about that obviously productive labour is in a peculiar degree derogatory to respectable women, and therefore special pains should be taken in the construction of women’s dress to impress upon the beholder the fact (often indeed a fiction) that the wearer does not and can not habitually engage in useful work. Propriety requires respectable women to abstain more consistently from useful effort and to make more of a show of leisure than the men of the same social classes. It grates painfully on our nerves to contemplate the necessity of any well-bred woman’s earning a livelihood by useful work. It is not ‘women’s sphere’. Her sphere is within the household, which she should ‘beautify’, and of which she should be the ‘chief ornament’. The male head of the household is not currently spoken of as its ornament. This feature taken in conjunction with the other fact that propriety requires more unremitting attention to expensive display in the dress and other paraphernalia of women, goes to enforce the view already implied in what has gone before. By virtue of its descent from a patriarchal past, our social system makes it the woman’s function in an especial degree to put in evidence her household’s ability to pay. According to the modern civilized scheme of life, the good name of the household to which she belongs should be the special care of the woman; and the system of honorific expenditure and conspicuous leisure by which this good name is chiefly sustained is therefore the woman’s sphere †¦ Source: Veblen, T. (1953) the Theory of the Leisure Class. New York. Mentor. pp. 64-5, 97 and 126. First published by Macmillan in 1899 and 1912.

The Many Meanings of Sweat

The Many Meanings of Sweat The Many Meanings of â€Å"Sweat† The Many Meanings of â€Å"Sweat† By Maeve Maddox Sweat is one of those Old English words that has dwindled in meaning since Anglo-Saxon times. Back in those sword-swinging times, sweat mean blood. By Middle English times sweat had acquired its modern meaning of â€Å"perspiration.† In addition to its current literal meaning, sweat enjoys a rich figurative life: sweat of one’s brow This expression comes from Genesis 3:19: In the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread, till thou return unto the ground; for out of it wast thou taken: for dust thou art, and unto dust shalt thou return. The expression has been used with a legal meaning in discussions of copyright law: â€Å"the effort expended in labor, and the value created thereby.† sweat equity value added to a house by means of the unpaid labor of owner or tenant. sweatshirt a collarless long-sleeved pullover made of cotton jersey with a smooth-finished face and a heavily napped back Merriam Webster sweat pants athletic pants made of the same fabric as a sweatshirt sweatband/sweat-band: can be either the band of leather or other material that forms the lining of a cap, or a band of terry cloth or other absorbent material worn around the head to absorb perspiration. sweat bee a bee attracted to the salt in human perspiration night sweats Excessive sweating during sleep. Medical term: Sleep hyperhidrosis sweat shop a small factory that does not conform to local standards of safety, sanitation, length of workday, or payment. sweat lodge an enclosed area heated by steam from water poured on hot stones; used especially by American Indians for spiritual and/or health purposes. sweater girl a model or actress who wears tight-fitting sweaters for publicity photos. The first â€Å"sweater girl† was Lana Turner. no sweat This idiom means â€Å"no problem.† â€Å"Can you fix this wretched computer for me?† â€Å"No sweat,† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Mostly Small But Expressive Interjections60 Synonyms for â€Å"Trip†25 Favorite Portmanteau Words

Libertarian and Non-Authoritarian Schooling Systems Essay

Libertarian and Non-Authoritarian Schooling Systems - Essay Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that one of the most popular free schools in the UK is Summerhill, formed by A.S Neil in 1924. Today, the school is still witnessing sharp government criticisms and constant inspections, which resulted in a court case in 2000. The White Lion Street Free School is also one of the popular free schools in Britain. This school offers a space where kids can exercise freedom and democracy. The libertarian element of the school is based on the principle of equitable distribution of power. To achieve this objective, there are no distinctions between teachers and workers at school, like maintenance of personnel and chefs. To the proponents of such schools, the process of learning should start with the assessments of the individuals’ needs and objectives, as opposed to the societal demands. The basis of the establishments of free schools is that the students set limits to their own independence and freedom and decide on their own when they will learn and what they need to learn. As a result, this form of schooling usually stands in the way of critical pedagogy. Summerhill School and White Lion Free School are some of the examples of freedom-based schools. Summerhill School is one of the famous free schools in the United Kingdom, formed by A.S Neill in 1924. Today, the school is still being run by the management of Leiston, Neill’s daughter, in spite of the constant government criticisms and scrutiny which resulted in a court case in 2000.

Campus Discipline Problem Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Campus Discipline Problem - Assignment Example Miami university-Oxford has a total population of 17191 students whereby 7560 of them are men and the remaining 9631 are women. It is a four-year public university. From the clergy data, it is seen that the university had zero incidents of students in possession of the weapons between the year 2006 and 2007. However, in 2008 there were two students who were reported having weapons. In matters to do with drugs, one in every 905 students were reported in 2006. In 2007, the number rose to one in every 452 students and the situation worsened in 2008 where one in every 1910 students were reported to be in possession of drugs. The school either didn’t do very well on the issue of illegal liquor. One in every 22 students were reported to be in possession of illegal liquor in 2006 and 2007. The number changed to one in every 23 students in 2007 and the situation was no good in 2008, one in every 31 students were reported. In comparison to other colleges in the United States, Miami University didn’t do well in matters to do with liquor and drugs. There were many cases of violation reported as compared to other universities. It also didn’t perform well in the category of four-year public universities in United States. In the category of four-year public universities in Ohio, the University had a poor performance with only Ohio University (main campus) and Ohio state University (main campus) performing worse than it. However, from the data, there was a remarkable reduction of violations from 2006 to

Analyse the marketing environment of Dominos Pizza (UK) (worth 60 per Essay

Analyse the marketing environment of Dominos Pizza (UK) (worth 60 per cent of mark) and Critically evaluate how this organisation is responding to its changi - Essay Example The company finally went public in 2004, and was able to reduce its $908 million debt. This paper will thoroughly discuss the SWOT analysis of a company along with other factors that vitally impact the organization’s quest to become a leader in its market. A comprehensive study of the company through the SWOT analysis indicates several things about the corporation. The company has a solid brand reputation, which enables it to have some advantage over its competitors. In addition, the company has an excellent marketing strategy that often displays the organization’s desire to improve in every aspect. Furthermore, the company has excellent operations management chain solutions, which allows it to allocate its resources effectively (â€Å"The pizza wars†). Moreover, with the advent of the technology, 21.8% of the pizzas in UK are delivered via the internet. Arjun Sen, manager of the Restaurant Marketing group stated some few harsh words of Domino’s stating, â€Å"Domino’s needs to define what it clearly stands in the minds of the pizza consumers.† (â€Å"The pizza wars†). Although it has met with recent criticism, the employees are motivated to work harder with the chefs to protect the companyâ⠂¬â„¢s brand. With that in mind, Domino’s decided to try cheddar bacon pizza melt to appeal to its burger lover customers. The company is able to serve decent-quality food at an affordable price with sanitary conditions, which gives it somewhat edge over its competitors(â€Å"The pizza wars†) Overall, the company is adapting well to the changes made by the head executives. The renovation of the recipe of the pizzas was a very successful approach towards bringing back customers. The company continues to adapt to new technology to serve its customers in a highly fashionable manner. Although the company does seem to have strengths, it also has certain weaknesses. The company constantly struggles to tackle the problem of

Power and Politics at Work Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Power and Politics at Work - Literature review Example As the paper outlines, employee motivation is indeed one of the major aspects of modern business. But this could be vitiated by several aspects like harassment and rough treatment in the work place. In their article entitled Human Resource Development Review- Towards a theoretical model of performance inhibiting work place dynamics, Brian A. Altman and Mesut Akbere argue and analyze that many situations could arise that could best be termed as â€Å"performance inhibiting work place dynamics.† Therefore it becomes very important that employees need to be positive minded and not cynical or caustic about the work or any other related matter. In the second article, its authors, James B. Avey, Tara S. Wernsing and Fred Luthans argue that while negative minded situations do present itself in business enterprises, at the end of the day it is the positive mindedness attitude of the employees that could help overcome difficult situations and bring about beneficial â€Å"organizationa l change.† (Avey., Wernsing & Luthans, second article). For instance, many may think in terms of downsizing in a negative sense but it could also increase efficiencies and streamline operations in a positive way. In the next article, its authors argue about the pros and cons of the merit payment schemes in the context of nonprofit organizations. The authors argue that under conventional methods, entitlements to incentives were taken for granted and not directly related to performance, but the new concept is that even in organizations requiring workforce to consider altruistic motives while performing, it is often the better performers who gain more merit payments rather than the poorer performers. However, the fairness of the schemes often determines its effectiveness and negative performance rating could serve to lower productivity and performance since if the â€Å" the organization does not reward their performance, but instead responds unfavorably to it by appraising perf ormance unfairly, an employee will perceive inequity.† (Cirka., & Deckop, Third article). That being said, now the argument moves from individual-based performance and motivational strategies to group based ones. In the next  article, the authors argue that team efficacy sometimes becomes more important than self-efficacy and thus while providing a greater degree of flexibility and leeway to operations, especially customer servicing, service teams are able to deliver better results, although they may be constrained about the optimum performance of each team constituent member. Thus â€Å"self-managing teams† are indeed very crucial in the overall organization performance index and are greatly valued, despite the argument that gaining optimum levels of performance from all members may be difficult propositions. (Royter., Wetzels., & Jong, Fourth article)  

In reference to Honey and Mumford's (1986) Learning Styles, crticially Essay

In reference to Honey and Mumford's (1986) Learning Styles, crticially evaluate how learning styles can influence practice in the criminal justice environment - Essay Example he learning styles is, the personalities that are best suited by each of these learning styles and the level of their applicability in any given field. The first learning style highlighted is activism. An activist is a learner who acquires learning while on the job. Activists are willing to venture into any field, and take any activity-based training that suits their needs while on this job. Activism is absent in the UK justice system, but only encompassed in the police force for instance during new cases. Activism is a risky learning system for an area as sensitive as justice. However, it also holds a level of open-mindedness which can be used to bring in new perspectives to justice cases that might have had the wrong judgments leading to the sentencing of the wrong people. One of the key critiques assigned to the UK justice system is the inaccuracy of the key judgments passed during sentencing (Daily Mail, 2013, "online"). The second learning style is reflection. Reflectors are people who learn from their own experiences and the experiences of others. A reflector mostly needs a guide in order for him to learn effectively. Reflectors are critical thinkers who analyze situations from diverse perspectives, reviewing the experience from diverse perspectives in an attempt to find a set procedure through which they can acquire knowledge that will be crucial when they are handling this case again. This is a key component that needs to be added to the UK justice system practice, where mentorship should be introduced. Mentorship in the UK justice system can assist learners develop skills that are mostly suited for learners to meet their predetermined levels of success and accuracy. Comparing the previous generation’s levels of accuracy and professionalism one understands how crucial it is to improve the UK current justice system. The fact that its compliance and efficiency has significantly dropped over the years only proves that there are very few mentorship

Nursing Practice Act Essay Example for Free

Nursing Practice Act Essay I came to realize just how fare we have come. My article includes information on the scope of practice for the nursing profession. The’re alson many different responsabilities of nurses, and the exams and prcedures they go though to become licensed are something else. There are a lot of things that a person can do to lose their license. The’re are also many avenues you can take in nursing, there are a lot of opertunities to grow. The definition of Nursing Practice is to provide individuals and groups with nursing care requiring specialized knowledge, judgment, and skill derived from the principles of biological, physical, behavioral, social, and nursing sciences. A nurses scope of practice focuses on identifing patterns of human responses to actual or potential health problems amenable to a nursing regimen. They are to execute a nursing regimen through the selection, performance, management, and evaluation of nursing actions, assessing health status, and to provide health counseling and health teaching. The scope of practice includes administering medicatons, treatments, and to execute regimens that are by authorized personal. The scope of practice also includes teaching, administering , supervising, delegating, and evaluating nursing practice. The standards related to the RN’s responsibilities in implementing the nursing process and as a member of the nursing profession is to be knowledgable in your work, always use the best possible route, and always make informed decisions. An advanced practice nurse is a registered nurse who has been certified under a certain chapter to practice in a certain field, by the board of nursing. They have certified registered nurse anesthetist, clinical nurse specialist, certified nurse- midwife, and certified nurse practitioner. Nurse practitioners have to also obtain prescriptive authority, which grants them the authority to prescribe medication. The nursing licensure requirements for a new graduate is first to send in an application for the licensure. The application has to include evidence that the applicant has completed requirements of a nursing education program approved by the board or approved by another jurisdiction’s board that regulates nurse licensure. The application will also include information requied by the board. There will be an application fee required by section 4723. 08 of the revised code. You also have to pass a background check that was brought into effect after June 1, 2003. The board of nursing may revoke, suspend or refuse to grant a nursing license, if a person is found by the board to have committed fruad in passing an examination required to obtain the license. A nurse can also have there license suspended or revoked if caught selling, giving away, or administering drugs or therapeutic devices for other than legal and legitimate therapeutic purposes. To renew a license that was issued for a two-year renewal period you have to have 24 hours of continuing nursing education. At least one hour of the education must be directly related to the statutes and rules pertainig to the practice of nursing in this state. The law and rule that sets the requirements for schools of nursing is section 4723. 07. Section 4723. 07 explains the different precedures and precautions that have to be taught to maintain proper sanitation and cleanliness. Handeling and disposal of needles and other sharp instruments. Wearing and disposal of gloves and other protective garments and devices. All in all the responsibilities of the Ohio state Board of Nursing is to assume and exercise all the powers and perform all the duties required of it by chapter 4723. In the nursing world everything has to go through the Board of nursing and they decide everything by vote. The board of nursing follows specific guidelines that are all mentioned with in the Nursing Practice Act and it is constantly changing. To continue on into advanced practice nursing you have to aquire your masters degree. It is also illegal to call yourself an RN with out being licensed but the board of nursing. The Nursing practice Act is where you want to look to find out what you have to do to get certain licenses and certifications.

Importance of Reflective Practice in Counselling

Importance of Reflective Practice in Counselling Reflective practice refers to the capability to reflect on our everyday actions and frameworks, as well as concepts on personal experience as part of a process of life-long learning (Schon, 1983). According to this definition, Bolton (2010) termed this as developmental insight, where the emphasis is placed on the learning from our own experience rather than knowledge gained from lectures or tutorials. On a personal note, I think what is significant about reflection during the course of our practice in this subject is that I am not just looking back on events and actions that has happened to us in the past, but also I am conscious of my emotions, experiences, actions, and behavioural reactions, and thus the utilization of these factors to add on to my existing knowledge database. As such, it is to draw out new and perhaps better knowledge, and in the long run, I hope to have a higher level of understanding. These would be achievable via the few factors that would be discussed in the e ssay, such as questioning and reflecting on my own moral and ethical values and comparing it with the Ethics Code in situations where I am required to act extremely. On another note, by reflecting on my personality profile, I check and reflect if my ideals and passion are congruent with the test that measured my psychological preference and my criterions on decision making. By reflecting on these frameworks, I hope to shed some light on my self-awareness and hopefully gain some new insights so that ultimately, I can improve as a better human being. The Ethics Code The Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct, in another light denoted as the Ethics Code, consists of several clause and terms which serves as a guideline as how a psychologist should behave when conflicting scenarios arise, which could possibly happen on a daily basis. The Ethics Code, however, applies only to psychologists and their work-related activities that are part of their nature of job scope. These usually include an array of activities such as counselling, teaching, supervision, social intervention, as well as conducting assessments through the development of assessment instruments. On the other hand, the violation of the Ethics Code itself does not instantly determine whether a psychologist has violated a law and is liable for legal actions in court. When considering a professional behaviour to be conducted, psychologists must not only consider the Ethics Code, but also to put into consideration applicable laws and the relevant board regulations. Psychologi sts must ensure that the ethical standards are met if the Ethics Code establishes a more stringent standard of conduct that is mandatory by law. Greenberg and Shuman (1998) elucidate that although not always the case, during practice, the law would usually be compliant with the Ethics Code. If, at any point in time, the Ethics Code happens to be with conflict with the requirements of law, I feel that psychologists are supposed to remain committed to the Ethics Code and exercise caution to resolve any conflict while not violating any civil laws. Since the work of a psychologist is to develop a reliable and valid construct of information which are backed by research, and are applied with the intention of broadening our vision and knowledge on behaviour, which essentially creates an opportunity to improve conditions of interaction between society and the individual, the Ethics Code is thought to be able to provide a common set of values in which it is envisioned to offer the general pr inciples as well as rules of decision making to ensure that most of the possible situations encountered by a psychologist can be referred to and resolved. However, Corey, Corey and Callanan (1998) argues that while it holds true that the Ethics Code provides guidelines for ethical conducts, it was not intended to be able to provide specific guidance or solutions to each and every situations that could arise. Though I feel that the Ethics Code is very thorough in its descriptions as it covers a wide scope of possible situations, it is still nonetheless not fool-proof as in specific field such as forensic psychology, where there is a fine line between ethical practice and legal laws. This was backed up by Day and White (2008), who mentioned that ethical dilemmas would arise and explain that especially in the field of forensic psychology, it is not uncommon that practitioners are drawn into legal proceedings. Furthermore, it was brought up by Herlihy and Corey (1997) that although it m ay be consistent with the Ethics Code to breach client confidentiality in situations such as when a client is seen as a threat to self or others, there are many occasions when the ethically responsible course of action is less clear. As such, I feel that while the Ethics Code offers a valid guideline on actions to be conducted in various situations, psychologists should still take into considerations which are the correct and just actions to take and certainly to exercise caution in the behaviours to be taken as a wrong decision could damage a person’s life or damage their reputation. Field trip to Institute of Mental Health The grey area of applicability of ethics in mental health settings is an intriguing issue, especially with personal experience, i.e., field trip to the Institute of Mental Health. While many consider the correct course of action to be in a particular way, health practitioners and their set of code and values may present itself differently. I realized that there exist difficult and conflicting cases that may arise when dealing with people with mental disorders. For example, the ethical standard of conduct would be to inform the clients the truth of their conditions, and avoid actions that are likely to harm clients. However, the very act of informing the clients of their conditions is likely to invoke a response, which in return would most likely aggravate their emotional suffering. An array of misconceptions was cleared when the nurses at the Institute of Mental Health provided a clear explanation of the evolution of treatment of patients changed from the past to the present. One exa mple brought up by the nurse was the usage of straitjacket. A straitjacket is a garment which resembles a jacket, but with long sleeves and is generally used to restrain individuals who would possibly harm themselves, damage furniture, or injure surrounding staffs. Before the development of psychiatric medications, doctors did not know how to properly treat mental disorders such as depression and anxiety disorders. A variety of treatments that was deemed to be cruel by current standards were thus attempted by the doctors, and the straitjacket was one of the treatments used. However, as research allows the development of drugs to suppress the effects of the mental disorders, such treatments were stopped and disallowed to be continued to be carried out to the clients. It was very fortunate to hear from the nurse at the institute that the straitjacket is no longer in usage as it was deemed to be inhumane, and I personally think so as well. Since the drugs are now capable of suppressing the effects of mental disorders, the approach of institutionalizing the clients has been reviewed. Townsend (1976) posits that clients who are institutionalized gets convinced that they are mentally ill, and as they integrate themselves with the institutional life, it would reduce the client’s ability to live outside if they were to get deinstitutionalized. Personally, I feel that dealing with individuals who are affected by mental disorders is a tricky issue, as there are many possible ways to approach the situation. One example would be making the decision as to whether an individual should be institutionalized or not. However, as far as I would suggest, I think that it should be advocated that the criterion of institutionalizing the clients be more strict, for example, admitting only the extreme cases of mental disorders where the clients are not able to sustain normal daily life, as the said effect would cause them to rely on the institution and progressively unable to l ive by themselves, even if symptoms of mental disorders were to subside and doctors claim that they can be discharged from the institution. Awareness Program Autism disorder was the focal point of the awareness program for my group, and there are several pointers in which I am ashamed that I personally have committed. Firstly, it has been found that the lack of awareness in autism disorders has been a very concerning issue, especially in Singapore. Sigman, Mundy, Sherman and Ungerer (1986) explains that many people correctly identified some of the key characteristics of autism, including difficulty communicating, difficulty making friends, love of routine, as well as obsessive behaviours. However, some other common characteristics which I realized upon research, was that individuals who are affected by autism require the need for clear and unambiguous instructions and are susceptible to being disturbed by noise and touch; these points were less well known and could develop misconceptions if the other party was not aware; these were the points in which I was unaware of and would negligibly scrutinize them if I had to repeat my words multip le times and yet they would not understand what I would have said. Upon raising my own awareness of the particular disorder and through some reflection, I felt that many individuals with autism act differently when compared to our typical population. Whether at school, at work or in social settings, people with autism are often taken at face value and thus misunderstood. Individuals with autism may not respond when spoken to or may avoid eye contact from the people asking the question. They could possibly behave in unusual manners in which most people do not understand. Some behaviours are so out of the norm that they were misinterpreted as poor discipline. However, people in society tend to arrive at this opinion solely based on just a brief observation, rather than putting in effort to try to look for further signs to comprehend the nature of those actions taken by these individuals affected with autism, and as such, they often suffer discrimination, intolerance and isolation. For many, that means a lifetime of exclusion from everyday society. We, as individuals, should not be doing this, but rather, embrace the difference and aid them into being comfortable with their surroundings so that they can cope with their everyday lives. Just a simple act of observing them would go a long way in creating a society in which such individuals affected by autism disorder can coexist with us. Nonetheless, the completion for the autism awareness program did not come as an easy task, as it was difficult to acquire access to the relevant institutes of interest. For example, my group was not able to gain access and direct first-hand experience of understanding how individuals with autism would behave in schools, where they are required to interact with their surroundings, and more importantly, their peers. However, this setback did not deter my group from obtaining information. Pathlight school, a school for individuals with autism, however, did release some interactive info rmation such as articles and newspaper cut-outs with regards to the related field, and were cooperative in allowing us to gain as much knowledge as possible despite our lack of first-hand experience. As such, the only methods we were able to procure information was through the information released by the management of Pathlight, as well as the many questions that were relayed through e-mails so that we can gain accurate knowledge regarding autism disorders, and shed some light to others who are not as aware of such a disorder. Nonetheless, I feel that even with the information amassed through research; it is still insufficient to properly account for the wide array of characteristics that are exclusive to individuals with autism. Personality Profile Individuals who go through personal development includes going through events that improve our self-awareness, and it allows us to cultivate our talents and potential, and as such, enrich our quality of life which ultimately contributes to the realization of our passion and aspirations. Based on the MBTI, Davies (2008) proposed that it is an assessment tool used to measure psychological preferences in how individuals perceive the world and make decisions, my personality profile is INTJ. Lawrence and Martin (2001) suggested that the MBTI is a reliable and valid instrument to measure our personality. They mentioned that the test is capable of being retested and are good across age and ethnic groups, and they pointed out that the instrument is set out to measure what the test is supposed to test originally. Based on the MBTI assessment by Myers (1998), it is conceived that INTJs see things from a top-down approach, and are capable of relating new information to overall patterns. They al so find themselves readily synthesizing abstract and complicated theoretical matters, and such mind-sets would lead the INTJs them to value knowledge, as well as expect competence of themselves and others. Personally, I would agree to these points as my ideals of work reside in the fact that if all of the group members are competent, we would be able to complete the work beforehand and leave time and room for improvements to be made before any actual submission is due. This is especially important as having gone through numerous group works, my belief is that the more the content is reviewed, the more insightful it gets as we gain mastery and command in the particular context of research. I feel that in aspects of productive work, even if it is a group project, I prefer to work independently and thereafter team members come together to share their points to strengthen the validity and reliability of the entire project; though I favour the notion of working independently, I would not differ from group norms and still be cooperative towards team members. This was supported by Baron and Baron-Tieger (1995), where they elucidated that INTJs prefer to work independently, and have no particular problems in meeting group requirements as teamwork is not an issue. In another aspect, I value accuracy in my work and ensure that most, if not all of my curiosity in the area I am researching in is satisfied, and, because of my values I find myself inclined to field such as science and research, particularly in fields of forensic psychology. Through the test in which also supports my ideals of inclination to abstract matters and challenges, I feel that forensic psychology is a very interesting path in psychology as it presents abstract ideas and challenges in actual situations and it is my passion, as well as satisfaction to be able to decipher the true meaning and rationale behind human behaviour. Another technique in which I find useful in promoting my self-awareness is th e Johari window. Based on what I understand, the concept of reducing the blind spot by being inquisitive about myself would help in promoting self-awareness, because by understanding how others perceive my in another aspect which I was not able to see, I would be able to reflect on my actions and determine whether adjustments to my behaviour are required. Similarly, Joseph (1969) clarifies that in order to become self-aware and develop as a person, we should know more about ourselves and be informed about what others know about us as well. To conclude, reflection and practice can be considered a subset of the many concepts and values we can pick up along the way of gaining insight on skills that are useful and applicable in our field of study. Through various lessons and facilitation, i.e. the Ethics Code, I was able to build up knowledge with regards to identifying, accessing, as well as making evaluations of information and its applicability to actual practice. Furthermore, the development of skills in professional and personal reflection was significant, as seen I feel that I have gained the capability to identify approaches for the development of appropriate outcomes and predict the indicators of success. Furthermore, by reflecting on the various concepts brought up in the essay, as well as through the course of subject, I feel that I have gained some new knowledge about myself; for example through the concept of Johari window, I realized that to be better self-aware, I needed to be inquisitive about myself, and th is is one of the crucial part of what I think helps in my personal development. References Bolton, G. (2010). Reflective Practice, Writing and Professional Development (3rd ed.). California: SAGE Publications. Corey, G., Corey, M., Callanan, G. (1998). Issues and ethics in the helping professions (5th ed.). California, CA: Brooks/Cole. Davies, S. J. (2008). Psychometric testing: what is Myers Briggs? The Foundation Years, 4(2), 81-82. Day, A., White, J. (2008). Ethical practice from the perspective of the forensic psychologist:Commentary on the uses and value of the Australian Psychological Society (2007) Code of Ethics. Australian Psychologist, 43(3), 186-193. Greenberg, S. A., Shuman, D. W. (1997). Irreconcilable conflict between therapeutic and forensic roles. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 28, 50-57. Herlihy, B., Corey, G. (1997). Boundary issues in counselling: Multiple roles and responsiblities. Alexandria: American Counselling Association. Joseph, L. (1969). Of Human Interaction. Palo Alto, CA: National Press. Lawrence, G., Martin, C. R. (2001). Building People, Building Programs: A Practitioners Guide for Introducing the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator to Individuals and Organizations. United States of America: Center for Application of Psychological Type. Myers, I. B. (1998). Introduction to type: A guide to understanding your results on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press. Schà ¶n, D. A. (1983). The Reflective Practitioner, How Professionals Think In Action. United States of America: Basic Books. Sigman, M., Mundy, P., Sherman, T., Ungerer, J. (1986). Social interactions of autistic, mentally retarded and normal children and their caregivers. Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, 27(5), 647-656. Tieger, P. D., Barron-Tieger, B. (1995). Do what you are: discover the perfect career for you through the secrets of personality type (2nd ed.). Boston: Brown. Townsend, J. M. (1976). Self-concept and the institutionalization of mental patients: An overview and Critique. Journal of Health and Social Behaviour, 17, 263-271.

The Effectiveness Of Urban Renewal Strategies In The Sydenham Road Are :: essays research papers

Identification of a Question Sparkbrook is a typical inner city area of Birmingham; predominantly Victorian and Edwardian in character and its multi-cultural society live in a deprived district suffering from high unemployment and a generally poor quality environment. For such reasons it is part of a ‘regeneration’ scheme and this investigation will assess the success of this scheme. Development of Strategy The aim of the urban renewal programme is; to create sustainable structures of economic regeneration, to encourage business development and diversification, and to find solutions to serious social problems caused by the crisis situations that are common in many depressed urban areas. In order to assess the effectiveness of such plans both secondary – 1981 census detail, ward information and web sites, and primary data were collected. Unemployment levels, annual earning figures and the number of people that are employed in professional or managerial jobs are all great measures of the economical aspects. A marked positive alteration in these figures would indicate a success in the regeneration programme. Social aspects can be measured by reviewing crime rates, car ownership, private amenities and the property ownership - private or rented. The amount of pollution in the area, the aesthetic appreciation and housing density are all good measures of environmental aspects. Together the analysis of these three aspects and how they have altered since the programme has been introduced, should highlight the areas of success and failure thus showing the effectiveness of the scheme. Collection of Data The area of regeneration has undergone several changes in the past few years. For example a modern fitness centre had to be closed, as it was no longer financially viable, this is evidence that the local area is non-affluent as the people are unable to sustain a gym. In 1993 the aesthetic value of the area was heightened when the canal walk was opened. The linear areas along the canal are now going to be protected and enhanced. This is of great importance because the heavily built up character of Sparkbrook results in little space for recreational areas. A high percentage of the shops in Sparkbrook are closed and as the money available for housing improvements is strictly residential the shops that are present appear worn and in need of repair. The area also suffers from serious traffic congestion and so parking bays have been created along Fallows road, however the traffic still accumulates and when the stretch of road is clear it could encourage speeding as it is a stereotypical â €˜rat run’.

Death of a salesman :: essays research papers

Instability Lead Life to Its End The character Willy Loman from the play Death of a Salesman has been read throughout the years with distinct interpretations. Many people have given different reasons to what led to Willy’s tragic fate. One interpretation I took was that Willy’s instability in his life led to his death. Some point that led in to my interpretation were his early family life, his relationship with Biff, and his job.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Willy’s early family life was a difficult one with its many inconsistencies. In Willy’s early childhood his father left; this left him with many questions about his father and how to be a father. In one scene we see Willy talking to Ben and Willy voices questions and comments about when their father left. Willy asks â€Å"Where is Dad?† and says â€Å"Dad left when I was such a baby and I never had a chance to talk to him.† Willy also voices his concerns about being a father. He says â€Å"sometimes I’m afraid that I’m not teaching them the right kind of—Ben, how should I teach them?† In this early life Willy and his family move around a lot. People and places changed around them fairly swiftly. Another inconsistency in his early family life was his relationship with his brother, Ben. Ben left Willy without looking back. Ben comes in and out of Willy’s life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Willy’s relationship with Biff has its highs and lows throughout the play making it difficult to establish a feel for their feeling towards each other. In the eyes of an early Biff there is nothing but love and devotion towards his father. Even Willy says Biff would â€Å"go into the jaws of hell for me†. This type of affections changes after Biff finds out about his father’s infidelity. Biff loses total respect for his father and calls Willy a â€Å"liar† and a â€Å"fake†. Willy saw early Biff as being a son he could be proud of with all Biff’s football victories and successes with girls. As time passes and Biff comes home from the west it is evident that Willy no longer feels pride towards Biff. Biff has no job and wasn’t making much money at his last job therefore Willy feels no pride towards Biff. Near the end of the play Willy’s feelings towards Biff change once again. Willy comes to believe that Biff l oves him. Willy starts to says things like â€Å"that boy is going to be magnificent†.

Edible Oil Industry in Pakistan

Zohair Abbasi Education and Achievements 2008-PresentUniversity College London BSc. Mathematics with Economics. 2000-2008Karachi Grammar School A-Levels: Mathematics (A), Physics (A), Chemistry (A), Biology (A), General AS (A) O-Levels: 9 As including Mathematics, Additional Mathematics and Physics. †¢ One of the few people to receive the Breton Medal for excellence in Mathematics. †¢ Served as a Prefect in my final year at college †¢ Served as the Deputy Head-boy of the school in year 9. Work Experience Oct, 2008-PresentASICS corporation London, UK Retail Assistant, Part-time †¢ Worked intensively, for up to 20 hours a week, alongside a team of enthusiastic individuals to help the store generate revenue of almost ? 2 million (24% above the target) in its first year of operation. †¢ Developed excellent front-line customer service by taking initiative to be proactive to the customer's needs. Oct, 2007-Sept, 2008The DAWN NewsGroup Karachi, Pakistan Editorial Assistant, Full-time †¢ Interviewed Ms Zarine Aziz, CEO of First Women's Bank Pakistan, and Mr Byram Avari, a hotelier and chairman of the Avari Group. Acquired excellent interpersonal skills while doing so. †¢ Gained immense knowledge of world affairs and politics while doing research and assignments for the Herald magazine. Only at the age of 19, had reports and articles published in the country's most widely-read magazine. June, 2009-Aug, 2009Aga Khan University Hospital Karachi, Pakistan Voluntary work †¢ Acquired crucial teamwork skills while working together with a team of nurses and resident doctors towards providing the best possible service to patients. †¢ Completed 8 weeks of community service at the city's biggest hospital. Extra-curricular Activities Mar, 2009-Present President of the UCLU Pakistan Society. Headed a committee of 5 individuals. Organised public events that attracted up to 300 participants. Organised a large-scale dinner with the Pakistani High Commissioner as the chief guest. Mar, 2009Single-handedly organised, and performed (guitars and vocals) at, a music concert that featured 10 artists and was attended by almost 150 people. Aug 2006-June 2007Council member of the Eastern Music Society. Helped organise, and performed at a concert that was attended by more than 300 people. Aug, 2006-June, 2007Vice captain of the school swimming team. Co-managed a team of 25 swimmers at the provincial-level championship. Won a total of 1 Gold, 2 Silver and 2 Bronze medals at the 2007 Sindh Open National Championship. Languages: Fluent in both English and Urdu Other Skills: Intermediate skills in MS Office suite. ———————– Shah. [email  protected] ac. uk (+44)07528714035 5-Belfont Walk, Holloway, London N7 0SN

Personal Communication

Q.1. What are the different means of mass communication ? What are their advantages?Q.2. Mention a few modern means of communication & find out any two uses of each.Q.3. What are the advantages of mobile phones? Find out more about smart phones and their latest features. The use of mobile phones has several advantages, namely it has given people communication freedom and independence and it has also become a good source of entertainment. Also, this technology provides important safety benefits and emergency services, in addition to facilitating communications across geographical borders. The market leading smart phones are Apple IPhones, Samsung Galaxy and Blackberry. The smart phones provides fast internet facilities and act as an entertainment medium such as movie, music, social networking etc.Q.4. List down the different means of personal communication. Find out more about their advantages and disadvantages.Means of communication Advantage Disadvantage Telephone Fastest than any o ther communication medium. Easy to carry and memorize all the contacts. Expensive. Email Fast and very inexpensive means of communication. Privacy issues due to lack of security. Letters or speed postsThe old medium of communication and not very expensive. Ordinary or village people rely mostly on letters through Post Offices. The turn-around-time to reach the letter is long compared to telephone or email.Q.5 Do you think that means of communication has helped to connect people better? If so how? Elaborate. Yes. Every means of communication is useful in its own way. The means of communication are Letters, telegram, telephone, telex, fax, e-mail, radio, television, newspapers, etc. Together, they help us keep in touch with our friends, relatives and the world. The modern communication means such as Smart Phones improved the communication between  the people through the social networking sites namely Facebook, LinkedIn etc.

Legality of Organ Donation

Progress in medical science and technology has contributed to the growth of kidney and other organ transplantations around the world. Nevertheless, the gap between the supply and demand for transplantable organs continues to widen. Chronic shortage of human organs for transplantation is one of the most pressing health policy issues in many developed countries. In recent years, the persistent scarcity of organs for transplantation has invigorated the controversy about the determinants of organ donation rates and the magnitude of their effects. In spite of the media campaigns and other attempts to promote donation, the organs supply cannot keep up with the demand, and the number of patients on waiting lists has been growing steadily during the last decade. The Philippines is no exception to the dilemma on the shortage of transplantable human organs and there is no clear cut policy yet on how the shortage could be swiftly addressed. The Department of Health (DoH) is currently pushing for â€Å"cadaveric organ donation† and this perhaps, might lessen the gap between the supply and demand for transplantable human organs. But how can one tinker freely with the body of a deceased person? Are there laws in the country which give blanket authority to hospital institutions or to a medical practitioner in harvesting transplantable human organs from a deceased person even without a document or a health card indicating that the deceased is a willing donor? The answer is a resounding ‘None’. The Philippines has yet to come up with a law regarding ‘presumed consent’ unlike in many European countries, particularly Spain, which for so long a time has been implementing their own and unique versions of ‘presumed consent laws’. Under presumed consent legislation, a deceased individual is classified as a potential donor in absence of explicit opposition to donation before death. With the positive effect of presumed consent laws vis-a-vis organ donation rates on countries which enforced such, it is high time that the Philippines should follow suit and come up with its own version of presumed consent laws. Senator Richard Gordon took the initiative in making the battlecry for the passage of a presumed consent law as he was astounded by the staggering figures of the National Kidney Transplant Institute (NKTI). The Institute reported that the usual Filipino kidney transplants performed thereat have gone down by 20% while the demand for kidney donation is going up by ten (10) percent annually. Global Reality. Waiting for a suitable donor organ to become available may take one week to many months. Unfortunately, the latter is more often the case. This waiting time has been described by many transplant recipients and their families as the most difficult part of the transplant process. Fear and anxiety are normal reactions during this period of uncertainty. In Europe, the average waiting time is three years and is expected to last for ten years or until 2010. With 120,000 patients on chronic dialysis and 40,000 patients waiting in line for a kidney in Western Europe alone, about 15 to 30 % of these patients will die annually because of organ shortages. Every day in the United States, 17 people die waiting for an organ transplant. The number of people in the waiting list for an organ has more than tripled over the last ten years; at the same time, the number of donors has remained relatively stagnant. In the United Kingdom, the active transplant waiting list is increasing by about 8% a year, and the ageing population and increasing incidence of Type 2 diabetes are likely to exacerbate the shortage of available organs. In 2006, the UK Organ Donation Task Force was established with the task of identifying barriers to donation and making recommendations for increasing organ donation and procurement within the current legal framework. In the U. S. , Great Britain and in many other countries, the gap between the demand and the supply of human organs for transplantation is on the rise, despite the efforts of governments and health agencies to promote donor registration. In 2002, 6679 patients died on the U. S. organ waiting lists before an organ became available, roughly 18 per day . In 2001, 6,439 people died while waiting for a transplant, nearly double the 3,916 candidates who died while waiting just five years earlier in 1996. In spite of media campaigns and other attempts to promote donation, the supply of organs cannot keep up with the demand, and the number of patients on waiting lists has been growing steadily during the last decade. One of the most frequently quoted explanations of the gap between the supply and demand of organs is that the number of families that refuse to grant a consent to donation is still large. Approximately 50% of the families that were approached for an organ donation in the U. S. and Great Britain refused it, compared to around 20% in Spain and around 30% in France. Notably, Spain and France are presumed consent countries. In many countries, including the U. S. , Great Britain, Germany and Australia, cadaveric organ procurement is carried out under the informed consent principle. Under an informed consent law, cadaveric organ extraction requires the explicit consent of the donor before death, which is usually re? ected on a donor registration card. In contrast, in most of continental Europe, cadaveric organ procurement is based on the principle of presumed consent. Under presumed consent legislation, a deceased individual is classi? ed as a potential donor in the absence of explicit opposition to donation before death. The severe shortage of human organs for transplantation in the U. S. has prompted numerous proposals to alleviate this problem. In addition to presumed consent legislation, proposals include ? nancial incentives for donors , xenotransplantation, educational campaigns, organ exchange mechanisms for living donors with incompatible recipients and preferential assignment of organs to registered donors. However, increasing donation consent rates from families is still viewed as the most promising route to increase organ donation. Many analysts and health professionals believe that presumed consent legislation may play an important role in shaping the decision of the families. In an international survey of transplant professionals, 75% of the respondents supported presumed consent legislation, and 39% identi? ed this type of legislation as the most effective measure to increase donation rates, the highest percentage among all measures considered in the survey, followed by improved education with 18%. Several countries, including Spain, Austria, and Belgium, have opted for a change in legislation and introduced presumed consent, whereby organs can be used for transplantation after death unless individuals have objected during their lifetime (an opt out system). Countries vary in how organ donation legislation functions in practice, and the terms â€Å"hard† and â€Å"soft† have been used to characterize how much emphasis is placed on relatives’ views in these countries. In Austria, for example, a fairly strong version of presumed consent principle is applied, although family views may be taken into account. In Spain, as in most presumed consent countries, even when organ removal can be carried-out by law without the consent of the family, organ coordinators in charge of the donation process do not authorize the extraction of organs without an explicit family approval. Another notable example is Sweden, which goes from an informed consent system to a presumed consent system in 1996. Ten years before, in 1986, Sweden had switched from presumed consent to informed consent. In the data, cadaveric donation rates decreased steadily in Sweden during the informed consent period. This downwards trend seemed to disappear after presumed consent legislation was reinstituted in 1996. National Reality. The National Kidney and Transplant Institute Renal Disease Control estimated 11, 250 Filipinos nationwide developing End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) annually. It is estimated that half of these ESRD patients are suitable kidney transplant candidates but only five percent (5%) are actually transplanted to date because of insufficient organ supply and the affordability of the operative procedure to most patient. The past years have also witnessed the development of â€Å"medical tourism† as exemplified by countries like India, Thailand and Singapore (but now world-wide) as improved hospital facilities in the less developed countries have attracted patients from developed countries where health care costs were expensive and unaffordable especially to those with no health insurance. In 1999, a TV documentary exposed more than a hundred kidney transplants done in a private hospital from living non-related donors coming from the very poor section of the metropolis, called BASECO in Tondo, Manila. The Philippines is among the world's leading providers of trafficked organs. Reuters named China, Pakistan, Egypt, Columbia and the Philippines as the five organ trafficking hotspots. Trafficked organs are either sold domestically, or exported to the US, Europe, the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, and especially Israel for their transplant patients. In his privilege speech, Senator Miguel Zubiri tackled about the CNN’s feature regarding the thriving trade of human organs, amidst the poverty in the country. Although he commented in CNN’s report where Mr. Hugh Reminton made an erroneous slant on the human organ trade in the country, Zubiri admitted that there are some truth to the report. The truth is – human organ trade, particularly kidneys, is thriving in the country, specifically in the urban poor communities; that after paying-off the donor, the trader abandons them to face post-surgery risks also without medical attention. In addition to this, the organ transplant sector is rife with stories of traders earning millions of pesos after paying-off donors. This statement could be supported by an incident of kidney sale in Lumban, Laguna where Jose Rivero, 31, a tricycle driver, told the National Bureau of Investigation (NBI) that he had been promised by the broker that he would be paid Php 300,000. 00 for his kidney. However, he received only Php 66,000. 00 which led him to report to the NBI. Special Investigator 3, Joey Narciso, the case officer, said that the country has no law prohibiting the direct sale of organs to a donor. Nothing has been heard of being caught and punished, of conniving surgeons or clinics who knowingly transplant organs that have been sold. Zubiri even suspected that there are big syndicates that prey on the poor and helpless citizens and exploit their ignorance and vulnerability; syndicates which have a growing clientele that includes foreigners and rich Filipinos. During the same session, Senator Gordon disclosed that the NBI is investigating the alleged involvement of doctors and other medical personnel of prominent hospitals in the illegal organ trade after members of a syndicate were arrested for duping several people from Batangas, Quezon and neighboring provinces into selling their organs. Gordon recommended the adaptation of a presumed consent. Zubiri stated that the suggestion could be included in the Senate Bill No. 460 , authored by Senator Jose Jinggoy Estrada.

CSS Lean Operations Report The WritePass Journal

CSS Lean Operations Report 1. Executive Summary CSS Lean Operations Report ). When all these techniques are used, they help to keep operations chains flowing without unnecessary interruptions and of course this helps businesses to meet the demands of their clients. The unrelated nature of some of these techniques can be explained by the fact that the TPS continued to improve since 1948 (Chase et al, 2007). This happened because it responded to the problems it set out to resolve within its own production facilities. This pragmatic nature of the TPS has made it possible for operations strategies to continue to improve dramatically because they are built on first hand experiences and not theoretical models that are sometimes difficult to see in real life situations (Bicheno Holweg, 2009). Toyota believes that the main technique used to achieve leaning lies in the reduction of three types of wastes common in many operations systems (Pettersen, 2009). These include the muda (non-value-adding work), muri (overburden) and mura (unevenness) (Pettersen, 2009). When these methods are used, they help to expose systematic problems. In this respect, the tools are flexible and can be adapted to different situations. One of the objectives of lean is to get the right things to the right place on time and in the right quantity. When this is done, it helps to achieve perfect work flow which is necessary for optimum productivity.   Although much of the literature analysed above suggests that 3.   Operational Evaluation of CSS The design of the facility is not ideal to promote work flow. In the literature review above, the importance of work flow to the achievement of tasks has been clearly outlined. Work has to flow smoothly in order to identify mistakes and weaknesses in the system. The factory layout has to be designed in a way that one operation leads to the next one (Liker, 2008). When work is done in this manner, it makes it easier to notice mistakes and easily correct them on time. This is because when a mistake occurs, the item can be moved back to the previous stage where it can be easily sorted out without having to move from one end of the factory to the other. When workers have to move from one end of the factory to another, it creates loops in the flow of work and they end up spending some of their time wondering about in the factory giving room for items to start piling at their posts (Ballà ©, M. Ballà ©, 2009). In an ideal design, raw materials should get into the factory from one side m eanwhile the finished goods are moved out of the factory from a different exit point designed purposefully for the exit (Radnor Bucci, 2010). However, CSS factory lay out is not designed in line with the flow of the manufacturing processes. This can be costly for the company in terms of time and even financial costs. Based on the above information and a review of the CSS’s current information, a number of weaknesses have been identified that need to be addressed. 3.1 Transportation There   are some inefficiencies in the current transportation system which leads to waste in time and money which. After weld and manual assembly is complete, the frames are sent to goods outwards, where they are loaded to special jigs ( 15 per jig) to be sent to a plating sub-contractor. The normal quantity despatched is 600 (parts are not required to be common) and the despatch timing is sporadic, depending on when the stock is available to go out. The turnaround time is quoted as 2 days however, the process time is 30 minutes per batch. In this scenario, it better to deliver the frames in good quantity in order to cut down transportation costs. Considering that CSS has 20 working days in a month and the client only wants one shipment per day by lorry. At this rate, CSS needs to find a double carrier in order to be able to transport enough seats in one lorry shipment. It is ideal to deliver the shipments at night since the customers premises also operate night shifts. 3.2 Overproduction Again, given that 2520 seats are ordered monthly and a carrier can move 65 seats at a time, CSS has to put in place a strategy that will ensure that these chairs are delivered on time. CSS’s manufacturing facility is currently producing to mass production principles.   The machines have a functional layout and produce components in large batches. The company needs to suit its production to meet the demands. For instance, given that demand has dropped there is no need operating at full capacity. This results in waste of energy and keeps machines working to meet a small order given that the company has lost some of its businesses to overseas competitors. Now, it is important for the company to cut back on costs and even consider hiring part time labour that is required to meet the demands of its existing customers (Montgomery, 2012). The company has to adapt its machines to meet its current market situation. For instance, instead of operating its machines at full capacity, CSS has to consider adapting its machines to meet current market demand. The pressing machine can be used at full capacity to produce forming in order to have material that it will use for a reasonable period of time. In that case, employees at the forming operation have to be mainly part timers with just a few full time employees. This is because once they do forming and pressing of material that can be used for a considerable time, they can go on to their second jobs and only come back when there is need for forming and pressing. 3.3 Waiting CSS’s manufacturing process for the frame assemblies starts with pressing and forming. Because of the short cycle time and high set up times the batch size is high, 5000. The product is placed in stillages and transferred in a batch size of 1000. The output from the press shop should be of equal proportions of all products. However, currently this is not achieved as the output ratio depends on the set up of the presses. The press is a shared resource. Given that the press is a shared resource, it could lead to waiting that will stall the smooth movement of the operations. It is ideal to allocate different times for different. This is because shared resources help to cut costs and as such, it is important to allocate different times for employees to use shared resources in an effort to minimize instances when waiting has to occur. Waiting can have serious effects on the flow of operations and productivity. Lanchester Steels Ltd supplies sheet metal stock to CSS on Mondays. Meanwhile Coventry Covers supply rolls of cover on Wednesdays. This can affect the pace of work in the case where they fail to deliver their suppliers. CSS needs to review its supply arrangement with its suppliers. It will be ideal if its suppliers deliver these materials on Saturdays, so that even if there is some delay of any sort, it will not alter the flow of work and the company will still be able to deliver seats to its clients on time. Failure to supply on time can lead to a termination of contract if it is recurrent in the industry. This is because these seats are needed at the car assembly line and if they do not show up, the assembly line could stall at some point in time thereby affecting their clients schedule. For this reason, raw materials have to be sourced on time in order to ensure that CSS does not keep the customer waiting in the case where suppliers fail to meet up with raw material supplies. Wait ing has to be eliminated whenever it is possible. 3.4 Human Resources Keeping 200 employees to produce 2520 seats monthly could be too much for the company. This is a decision that most be clearly reconsidered in order to ensure that the company does not pay people who are doing nothing. The company needs to adopt a policy of using part time labour until it is able to pick up once more by winning new contracts in the sector. There is no point hiring too many workers when the company does not have many contracts. However, the company has to be looking for ways to grow. Growing can be done by gaining new markets. Since it has few markets, the company must keep just enough workers who are able to meet its customers’ demands. Secondly, it has to make sure that hires the right number of people at the right time to satisfy its customers’ needs. On the other hand, it must have a good bank of part timers whom it can call in at any time as soon as the market starts growing. 4. Discussion Leaning is very important in manufacturing businesses such as CSS. This is because it helps these businesses to keep work flowing from one process to the order by making the right arrangements with suppliers and hiring the right people to complete the different manufacturing processes (Chase et al, 2007). In the long term, CSS has to remain conscious of the needs to ensure that it is not wasting time or resources. Wastes can always hurt CSS’s profits. The company could be making profits, but because the operational system is characterised by wastes, the company will not make as much profits as it would have otherwise done. To begin with, lean operations have proven to reduce costs and improve productivity in the automobile industry in Japan (Pettersen, 2009) (Chase, 2008). This strategy was later on copied by many businesses in the manufacturing sectors that experienced similar positive results. In addition to eliminating wastes in many factories, lean operations have helped many companies to become more competitive after implementing lean strategies (Bicheno Holweg, 2009). CSS is a company that is currently struggling and needs to improve its performance. One of the ways it can do so is by adopting any strategies that will make it more competitive. Leaning is just one of many strategies available for the company. In order not to take any chances, the company needs to implement the leaning strategy that has been outlined in this report. Secondly, the key to success for CSS is to source the right quantity of raw materials on time in order to avoid shortage or waiting (Liker, 2008). Without raw materials, the company will be unable to meet the needs of its clients. Even with these raw materials, work schedules must be organised in a way that makes it possible to meet customers’ demands (Ballà ©, M. Ballà ©, 2009). For instance, machines must be in good conditions and regularly checked given that failure to do so can result in untimely break downs. Finally, appropriate transportation measures must be put in place to ensure that raw materials get to the factory on time (Radnor Bucci, 2010). The same is true for finished products that are needed by the client. If for instance, the chairs do not get to the client on time, it will affect the client’s flow of work (Chase et al, 2007; Montgomery, 2012). CSS has to put in place and effective transportation at every given moment that is able to get raw materials to the factories and finished seats to the customer at the lowest cost and on time to guarantee efficiency and profit making, which is the underlying mission of CSS.

Neur-Ghandi Story essays

Neur-Ghandi Story essays I found the Nehru Gandhi Story to be depthly intriguing. It is a journey of struggle and sacrifice along a beaten path of relentless adversity. As displayed by the video, the old traditional economic state of India plays a very important part in the rich history of its land and people. This film shoes clearly Indias fight for independence from Great Britain in 1947 is just a beginning to its dynamic story. Further more Gandhi existence is a salvation for the people of India's lower class. He Was able to unite the masses with his spiritual leadership as well as give them a voice through his political mentorship relationship with Jawaharlal Nehru, Indias Prime minister. Together they were able to unite the people of India and free it from Great Britains rule. Although Jawaharlal Nehru and Gandhi became great respecters of one and other, they initially came from very separated backgrounds. As the video illustrates, Jawaharlal Nehru comes from a wealthy upper class family. His father Mohole Nehru sent him to Engeland at a young age to be educated. Like his father Jahabalo excelled through his scholastic studies to emerge back in India as a lawyer. With a solid western education Jawaharlal had visions of the industrialization of India. In contrast, Gandhi was a leader amongst the populous lower class of India. Gandhi opposed modern industrialization and felt that its emergence would only hurt the lower class by leaving them further behind. The movie exemplifies Gandhis beliefs through the description of his symbolized spinning wheel. Gandhi used the spinning wheel as an example of the self-sufficient groups of local villagers scattered amongst the social economic caste system of India. Gandhis economic beliefs in the old traditional economy dove tails with his involvement in the lower class. The caste system of an old traditional economy was tradition, and Gandhi ...

Communication models

Communication models Abstract Organizations have been in existence ever since humanity came into existence. Within these organizations, there has been a need for communications plans and proper organizations models so that there is a proper and smooth operation. Human beings do communicate differently and these in turn affects organizational operations, as they are the people who make up these organizations.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Communication models specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There have been several ways identified for human communications by experts in this field. Communication is a field that is so wide in relation to other sectors. Therefore, people have proposed the rise of the many models ever since the time of Aristotle to present times. As wide as it is, it includes the various disciplines such as journalism, anthropology, rhetoric, and psychology amongst many others. This paper will tend to look into one of these very many communications model and one organizational model analyzing them side by side to come up with various weaknesses and problems that might arise from the use of such a communications model. The main analysis style will be the AMA 8-step process. Introduction Communication amongst human beings is particularly valuable, and understanding of the same is supposed to be in the priorities of organizations that intend to remain relevant in the market. Human communication is concerned with the conveyance of information from one source to the other, and this rule underscores the reason why the field has various models that look at it from different perspectives (Littlejohn, Foss, 2008, p. 69). The entire process, however, aims at initiating and inculcating development amongst the people involved. As there are unusually many organizations in existence, so there are so many organizational models in existence, all of which serve different organizations’ various roles and o bjectives. Since human beings form an organization, there is a need to build a strong base of faithful organization members, a fact that is elusive without proper communication (Miller, Vandome, McBrewster, 2009, p. 88). Hence, the need for any organization that needs to thrive, to identify with one model of communication that acts, as a guide to all the organization’s communications needs is paramount.Advertising Looking for term paper on communication strategies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Some communication models will look at communication from the perspective of information a receiver needs to communicate, whereas other will give importance to the fact that the sender initiates the process and thus, the person needing the communication the most. Some scholars in defining the term human communications have used this view. A famous definition of communication existed that many people have taken to use , because of its ease and the extent to which it summarizes the occurrences in a communication process. This supposition underscores the definition of communication simply as being â€Å"who says what, where, when, to who, through what channel or medium, and with what purpose or intention† (Lasswell, Lerner, Pool, 1952, p. 12). Therefore, communication models vary depending on the situation and place where the need to communicate do arise. However, all these models will narrow down to a simple model of communication that has the sender conveying information to the receiver as is seen in the figure below of a Simple communication’s model (Foulger, 2004, p.45). Figure 1.0 There have been remarkably many communication models in use, some of which were developed in the 20th century and others that are continually being developed on a day-by-day basis the source being the different organizational performance. This has seen the move and transformation of the way organizati ons communicate, from the ancient egalitarianism to the current Darwinism that focuses on the fact that people do not have equal access and rights to economic, political, and social aspects of the world. Communications scientists who have their roots in the propagandas studied amongst the mass media in the 20th centuries identify themselves mostly with the transmission model of communication (Miller, 2005, p. 87). Organizations also need to develop a model that will govern its operations under all circumstances, because this model is also, what will guide the leadership and operational activities of any organization. This paper will look at the Shannon Communication model and the Matrix organizational structure to evaluate the problems that might arise in the company or organization that adopts the same.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Communication models specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Shannon Communicationà ¢â‚¬â„¢s model Shannon communication model is a model of communication, developed back in 1948. People have largely regarded it as the basis for all the other modern communication models. It denotes a model that has thrived so much to eliminate so many unimportant components of the communication’s process leaving only what it considers key to the communications process (Shannon, 1948, p.382). This model has been considered successful by the fact that it does not only point out why communication happens, but also goes ahead to point at some of the things that lead to communication failures. One can summarize the entire model as seen below. Figure 1.1: Shannon communications model (Shannon, 1948) To establish the problems associated with Shannon’s communication model, this paper will look at a typical organization that uses the organizational model below. This model of the organization is where all information distributed within the organization aims at releasing the tr uth. In all levels, there are controls and checks to ensure the clearing, of all information released, of suspicion and emerge to be the best and be in the best interest of the organization. Figure 1.2: Organizational model (Severin Tankard, 2009, p.96).Advertising Looking for term paper on communication strategies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Problems The analysis of the problems associated with this form of communication model and organization model will follow the AMA 8-step process. Step 1: The discovery step- in this step, there are the salient facts that are associated with Shannon Communication’s model, as identified these above. However, it is necessary to note that, organizations are moving from the era where everybody will stand out as equal to an era talked about by Darwin: people receiving resources and economic exposures according to their individual ability. This then leads us to step two. Step 2: Many see Shannon’s model not just as a communication’s model, but also as the process of conveyance of information from the source to the receiver. A problem would arise, mainly because the model puts emphasis on the need of the sender to push message to the receiver. This can lead to some unforeseen problems. Practically, users of information have been found to be active not passive; hence, t hey choose the information they need as is the case elaborated by the uses and gratification theory of communication. Therefore, this model sees that information transmission from the sender to the receiver is the key role of the communications medium or channel. This model again sees communication as being direct and that it always occurs in one direction, a situation that is not the case in real life. Step 3: Analysis-The first problem that might arise is miscommunication if the organization relies fully on Shannon’s communications model. This is because whereas the model suggests that the sender should compel the receiver of the information to receive information, the receivers are always active people. By forcing the reception of the message, the sender may rest thinking that the message was decoded as he thought whereas, in the real sense, coercion might have led to lack of communication. Therefore, this scenario can lead to miscommunication and largely, communicationâ⠂¬â„¢s breakdown (Bell Smith, 1999, p. 124). The next possible problem would be wrong communications feedback. The intention of communication is always to obtain feedback: positive or negative. However, the assumption of this model that communication is direct and always occurs one way would mean that the sender would not pay attention to the issues raised by the receiver of a message since their role is to receive only. Therefore, in essence the communication process will qualify as ineffective. Another possible problem that would arise from the use of this model in an organization is that the model will act as a barrier to communication. It is fixed. In addition, it does not allow room for healthy communication. This would make an organization fail to execute its planned objectives and goals. Step 4: Possible Solutions-The problems that do arise out of the use of Shannon’s communication model can be solved by the realization that communications is not a one thing but a two -way issue. Therefore, while applying the Shannon’s communication model, the user (communicators) should be aware of the fact that both the dispatcher and the beneficiary lie within the brackets of the process and are active rather than passive participants. Therefore, they should receive the due importance they deserve. In addition, the users should be aware that there is communication without feedback; hence, it is not unidirectional, and users should pay attention to both facts. Step 5: Solution evaluation-The solution that can be lasting to the problems is the use of an amalgamation of two or three communications models. This is because whereas one may have a loophole, the other one acts as a check and balance and a solution to the other model’s problems. Step 6: Decision-making-The best solution to this problem is to use it hand in hand with the contemporary communication’s model that gives importance to communication as being complete only with the attainm ent of feedback. This step, when used with the Shannon’s model, will ensure perfect communications since all aspects of a communication’s process will receive maximum care. Step 7: Execution To ensure this solution works, the people within an organization should go through all the components of a communication process. Moreover, they should be aware of the importance of each aspect. These should be the sender, message, receiver, barriers (noise), channel (medium) and the feedback. In the implementation stage, one has to follow all guidelines to ensure that the process gives the desired results. The participants should be well informed for precision purposes. Step 8: Measurement-The suggested organizational model proposes a situation where all employees take part in the communication of truthful messages. The success of the use of the suggested solution will come out through monitoring performance and gauging the level of cooperation between the organization’s e mployees. This step is decidedly crucial because measuring and monitoring of performance underlines the true progress of any activity. Conclusion The use of any communication model is in itself not a solution to the organizational communication needs. Proper understanding and implementation facilitate the success of any communication model that a company decides to use. Moreover, the organizational model also plays a critical role in deciding the success of the model. In other words, organizations should choose communication models that fit into the organizational model. This understanding, therefore, calls for organizations to use models interchangeably to ensure they succeed. Applying different models allow management to decide on the communication model that fits a given organization best and through adopting the best model; the organization will achieve its objectives. References Bell, A., Smith, D. (1999). Management Communication. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons, Inc. Foulger, D . (2004). Models of the Communication Process. Retrieved from http://davis.foulger.info/research/unifiedModelOfCommunication.htm Lasswell, H., Lerner, D., Pool, I. (1952). The comparative study of symbols: an  Introduction. California: Stanford University Press. Littlejohn, S., Foss, K. (2008). Theories of human communication. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth. Miller, F., Vandome, A., McBrewster, J. (2009). Communication Theory. Mauritius: VDM Publishing House Ltd. Miller, K. (2005). Communication Theories: Perspectives, Processes, and  Contexts. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Severin, W., Tankard, J. (2009). Communication theories: origins, methods, and uses in the Mass media. Boston: Addison Wesley Longman. Shannon, A. (1948). Mathematical Theory of Communication. Bell System  Technical Journal, 27(6), 379-656.